23 June 2011

Home - Concerning Ann Myers


(Inspired by Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio)

Crouching over a feed barrel of a dilapidated coop, Anny Myers sifted grain with her skeletal, sixty-two year old hands. Her chickens nervously pecked at the ground her in short, deliberate movements. Tucking the corners of her apron into her belt, Ann scooped the feed into her apron. Fanning the grit in a pinched arc, the chickens squawked and flapped their useless wings over the dry ground.

Ann took pride in her chickens, feeding them by hand like this daily, instead of using a trough. She mumbled to her hens, graces never spoken to her - believing speaking to them made them bigger and healthier. Ann's hens were well known and prized in Winesburg, Ohio; she kept only one castrated rooster, who grew fat and crowed uselessly at sunrise.

Ann's connection to the people of Winesburg was limited to the youth who carried her hen's eggs to town and sold them for 26 cents a dozen. She called him Denny, though his real name was Joseph, and allowed him to keep a 3 cents for every dozen he sold. He would return to the coop behind Ann's large, empty house before sunset with the profits and gossip. His little tongue would rattle off until Ann patted him on the head, their signal for little Denny to go home. Dusting off her hands, Ann would then coo goodnight to her hens and enter the yawning house. A meager meal would be prepared - always eggs, never chicken. She stayed there in the kitchen on a cot near the old wood stove, never roaming about the house, never running her dry, cracked hands along the foyer banister nostalgically, and never looking out the top floor window toward town and catching glimpses of Winesburg's townfolk.

Occasionally, she would sit on house's back porch and watch couples, young and old, pass by on a path that went through all of the fields of Winesburg and think about all the people little Denny described. He told her once of a hotel-keeper's daughter walking the streets in men's clothes. Thinking of a woman in man's clothes made Ann laugh. Her teeth, dull and black, would flash while her laughed creaked out of her throat, like the cluck of her hens. Small, but different events always amused Ann, but she knew the town of Winesburg would never change. Innovations come and go, new generations of lovers would walk the paths, but she would remain in her little coop with her chickens as she did since her parents died and her only sibling, Dennis Myers, left.

Ann never felt the urge to tell anyone about her life and would become nervous, stamping her feet about the ground and deliberately looking from left to right when anyone asked her questions. Her parents always stated what was needed to be done and would not speak to her otherwise. Believing she had a incurable sickness due to her jaundiced complexion, Ann's parents closeted her at home - away from the townsfolk. Watching through the gaps of the porch rails, Ann would watch for the couples. Her brother Dennis, two years her senior, would whisper in hurried tones all that transpired in Winesburg.

Shortly Ann turned eleven, her mother died. Her father began to openly drink and would curse wild obscenities at Ann - flinging his arms, spittle flying from his lips. Dennis would intervene, sending their father from the house before he could strike at Ann. During these interventions, Ann would fly from the house, retreating the coop and the hens her father kept.

One such time, Dennis was not there. He had taken a job at the Winesburg-Eagle as a paper runner. When he did arrive, he found Ann behind the coop - a towel stuffed in her mouth, blood dripping and eyes embedded beneath swollen bruises. He took her to the doctor and she remained there for a week after dental reconstructive surgery. Metal implants were rooted into her gums for what teeth could not be replaced. A month later, their father was run over by wagon team, carrying liquor to the saloon and died the next day.

For two years, Dennis and Ann lived in the house. He would got to work each day and return at the end with news of town. Ann continued to stay home - nervous her teeth, which began to discolor to a gray due to the implants, would trigger disgust in the townsfolk. Though recluse, she began to feel the independence of keeping her own home. She would cook a meal and watch the couples on the path, yearning for the return of her brother. As he would return, she would rise, wave and set the table, pretending to be a happy couple, as her brother rattled off his stories.

Reminiscing to moments like these, Ann would lay on the cot in her kitchen thinking of her brother. She would never think about the nights she would crawl into his bed while he was away, breathing him in. She would never think about the day he brought the girl from town - how her jealously nearly overtook her as she ground her blackened teeth as she watched him walk the girl home. She would never think about the day he ran away with the girl, sending a letter from Pennsylvania stating the girl was pregnant, they were married and he got a job. She would remember Dennis sitting with her, telling her the stories - watching the couples pass by.

The feeble cry of the castrated rooster would crow at sunrise. Ann would then get up from her cot and feed the hens - mumbling her graces, waiting for the youth to appear with the wire basket. At sunset, she sat waiting and watching. Dennis would not show.

Tired, she got up to return to her kitchen and hear a voice call behind her. "Excuse me, 'mam. Are you Miss Ann Myers?" Ann turned and saw her brother, only he was shorter and thinner than she had remembered. He looked as if he had been beaten. "I am your nephew, Adolph Myers. My father was Dennis Myers. I..." Splaying his hands before Ann, he nervously checked her reaction.

Saying nothing, Ann nodded to the steps. Sitting down hard upon the porch steps, Adolph shoved his hands in his coat pockets. Ann, feeling old and wrung, went to her kitchen and set her table for two.

03 April 2011

Close Reading of Defoe's Moll Flanders

I was now as above, left loose to the world, and being still young and handsome, as every body said of me, and I assure you, I thought my self so, and with a tolerable fortune in my pocket, I put no small value upon my self: I was courted by several very considerable tradesmen, and particularly, very warmly by one, a linnen-draper, at whose house after my husband's death I took a lodging, his sister being my acquaintance; here I had all the liberty, and all the opportunity to be gay, and appear in company that I could desire; my landlord's sister being on of the madest, gayest things alive, and not so much mistress of her virtue, as I thought at first she had been: she brought me into a world of wild company, and even brought home several persons, such as she lik'd well enough to gratifie, to see her pretty widow, so she was pleas'd to call me, and that name I got in a little time in publick; now as fame and fools make an assembly, I was here wonderfully caress'd; had abundance of admirers, and such as call'd themselves lovers; but I found not one fair proposal among them all; as for their common design, that I understood too well to be drawn into any more snares of that kind: the case was alter'd with me, I had money in my pocket, and had nothing to say to them: I had been trick'd once by that cheat call'd LOVE, but the game was over; I was resolv'd now to be married, or nothing, and be well married, or not at all" (Defoe, Moll Flanders, Broadview Editions, 2005, 90-91).
Written in 1722, The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders, Daniel Defoe combines satire and realism, with a dash of taboo and criminality into the character Moll Flanders. An unreliable narrator, audiences cannot follow Moll's movements, which she often refers to as her demise, we must rely on her capacity to tell the truth. Prefacing the novel as a fictional-biography, Defoe often leads the reader to doubt that the novel is indeed fictional, and to believe Moll's escapades to be truths, by utilizing the words "biography" or "accounts" intermittently. Moll's veiled language is used to protect the innocence of the audience and at the same time gratify peaks of curiosity through causal form and words. In a close reading of the paragraph cited above, Moll describes the beginning of her 'conduct,' which left behind the innocence of her childhood.

The language in the paragraph is lewdly suggestive, and even at times appears as two word at once in its misspelling, which may or may not be determined by the character's education or the time period the piece was written given the progression of the English language. Such words linked by Moll's vanity in italics, are "gratifie" and her references to her new-found liberty from marriage, lovers and her reference to her "case." In the paragraph, Moll refers to her landlord's sister "gratifie[ing]" her as a "pretty widow;" reminiscent to Chaucer's "Wife of Bath" in which the woman is a widow having married five times and is not short of suitors. "[G]ratifie" is often used by Moll, which suggests to "gratify" or to "graffiti;" the landlord's sister is simultaneously gratifying and slurring/advertising Moll with the term. Moll's use of the term "liberty," while at the time liberty was mostly found by money through marriage and wholly uncommon in the dignified classes, has reference to more lewd acts without having "a burden of children" or "fear of one's husband and family." The term "lovers" comes across as more ambiguous, suggesting pre-marital sex by coining the phrase "common design." And lastly, by her reference of her "case," Moll suggests her "conduct" with her former husband's elder brother only became exasperated by her "conduct" while living with her landlord's sister.

During the beginning of her tale, Moll uses childhood innocence by her first love, her future husband's elder brother, who defaced her reputation. However, this affair was never revealed to the family. Had Moll decided to remain in the family after her husband's death or sought a different path, rather than be influence by the landlord's "madest, gayest" sister, Moll may have told an entirely different story.

Defoe's style in "Moll Flanders" is casual, using long sentences which span entire lengths of paragraphs bordering on prose. The one in this paragraph is informative, humorous and nostalgic. There is one period in the whole of it, at the very end, which suggests a breathy rush of the speaker, as if the character is stepping back and recalling a good time in her life. The clauses are broken between fact and her feeling on the matter as seen in the lines: "I was courted by several very considerable tradesmen; and particularly, a very warmly one..."

The hidden meaning of the passage is bitter toward Moll's relationship with the family of her former husband. She refers to "LOVE," (capitalization suggests accusation), as "that cheat" and marriage as "the game." Her childhood in which she worked so hard to become a "gentlewoman," was betrayed by her love-affair with her husband's elder brother. Seeing herself freed by her husband's death, Moll protects herself from falling in love again - risking the label she privately used against herself as "whore" from going public. Yet, she still "courts" easily to gain financial gifts, and places "value" upon herself, implying she is in control - the commodity and the seller. Similarly, she uses the word "well" asserting her worth:"I was resov'd now to be married, or nothing, and to be well married, or not at all."

In the Preface, Defoe describes the story of Moll Flanders as a means of instruction for the public. The summation of Moll's life in the end reveals only a small amount of regret, stemming from her lost childhood innocence; however, her tone and language is primarily nostalgic regarding her "conduct." Her lost innocence may have began with her first husband's elder brother, but it certainly snowballed after her husband's death by becoming acquainted with her landlord's sister.

02 April 2011

Energy and Society Discussions - Peak Oil

A generalized definition of Peak Oil is closely aligned with the attributes of natural resources, except that it is indeed a fossil fuel and therefore, a finite resource. Any finite resource may climb to reach a high point of extraction, (not to be correlated with production). Once you hit the average of the total amount of the resource in question, it will decline until there is nothing left. In the context of oil resources, there is a lot of gray area: when will we hit the peak, or the most extreme possible amount. There are many proven (found) and unproven reserves around the globe and without extensive studies on the vast crust of the ocean floor, the idea of having hit Peak Oil may be disregarded as myth or theory. However, unproven reserves are increasingly becoming proven and are measured by economic standards; the limit for oil is determined by global feasibly.

In the article Oil: Never Cry Wolf - Why the Petroleum Age Is Far From Over, Leonardo Maugeri discusses U.S. reliance on oil production around times of conflict and doomsday theories of oil over-extraction. Maugeri notes most "Peak Oil" doomsday theories do not include technological advances and economic freezes: "the real issue is that neither major producing countries, nor publicly traded oil companies, are keen to invest money in substantial exploration campaigns" (para. 13). Also noted in the article, a clarification on the term reserve as "recoverable reserves," which "involve an economic assessment of the possibility of producing a part of the overall resources" (para. 8).

In 2008, Keith Johnson of the Wall Street Journal questioned whether we are referring to Peak Oil geologially, or economically as we focus on "Peak Oil prices." Johnson reminded those in the "Peak Oil camp," the costs of oil going up includes damages to long established infrastructures from Hurricanes (para. 3) and other nature or man made disasters. Johnson also recalled during the Jimmy Carter administration, the call for "energy independence" and a new energy revolution will cause a reprieve on oil.

Should one peruse the internet, they will find innumerable doomsday theories, that globally, we have reached peak oil and are pushing the resource to "extinction." The environmental implications on the use of oil are well known; among them, climate change causes severe weather patterns, which it turn whips out hurricanes that destroys the infrastructure to keep oil within our reach. What was once a resource that improved travel and jobs, now becomes a barrier due to price increases - travel decreases or alternate mediums of travel are sought. Economically, yes, we have reached peak oil. When what was an unproven reserve 10 years ago, and was not considered financially reasonable to tap into, becomes an oil source today - yes, we have reached the peak. We are lapping it up, because of consumer demand; however, we will not be able to continue relying on this source and must find alternative sources for energy.

Works Cited

28 March 2011

My Ecological Footprint - 2008 vs 2011


A Carbon Footprint can be defined as an individual, organization, or country’s total Carbon Dioxide and Greenhouse gases emissions at a give length of time, (day, year or lifetime).

One’s Carbon Footprint is determined by direct or indirect sources, either by energy consumption as electricity use or transportation use. This includes products in our every day lives, (plastics, food, etc.) that has been imported from another state or country. These emissions accumulate in the atmosphere, contributing to global climate change, resource depletion, and more.

Individuals, businesses and organizations, communities and nations at large, can reduce their Carbon Footprint in a number of ways, whether by being becoming energy efficient, by carbon offsetting, or by following the international environmental standards.

In Fall 2008, as part of a discussion on Energy and Society, I was prompted to calculate my Carbon Footprint via the Center for Sustainable Economy’s Ecologoical Footprint Quiz. In 2008, I was a student at the University of Wisconsin – Green Bay and I lived in a small one bedroom apartment, above the coffee shop where I worked, with my boyfriend, Jake. I did not have a car and used public transportation or car-pooled. I shopped locally, attended local initiatives and volunteered for local organizations. And I had a rooftop garden to boot.

Organized by the Center for Sustainable Economy, the Ecological Footprint Quiz leads the reader through a series of questions, beginning with what country the individual resides in, climate-type, energy sources, travel, etc.

Here were my 2008 Ecological Footprint Quiz results:

If everyone on the planet lived my lifestyle, we would need: 2.21 Earths.

In terms of my footprint in global acres by consumption category:

Carbon 30.9 acres (60.5 acres below national average)
Food 41.4 acres (24.3 acres below national average)
Housing 3.9 acres (27.7 acres below national average)
Goods & Services 9.5 acres (48.2 acres below national average)

My Ecological Footprint Total Score = 85.66 (160.75 acres below national average)

My Ecological Footprint Quiz results, 3 years later:

We would need 3.62 Earths if everyone on the planet lived my lifestyle.

My footprint in global acres by consumption:

Carbon 67.88 (23.55 acres below national average; personal increase: 36.98 acres)
Food 65.29 (00.45 acres below national average; personal increase: 23.89 acres)
Housing 4.04 (27.54 acres below national average; personal increase: 00.14 acres)
Goods & Services 3.12 (54.54 acres below national average; personal decrease: 0.14 acres)

My Ecological Footprint Total Score = 140.33 (106.08 acres below national average; personal increase: 54.67 acres)

What’s changed? A Chevorelt/Geo Prizm with which I commute to work with a solitary car-pooler. I don’t live alone and have relocated to a “newer” building, above another coffee shop with Jake. I regularly shop at a local grocery store, but rarely shop for locally-grown, or organic items, (unless it’s Farmer’s Market season).

So, what can I do? I can attempt to be more energy efficient (beyond just turning off lights and power-strips) and I can eat more locally grown and organic items (which my waist line will be happier for), for starters.

What’s your Ecological Footprint? What can you do?